Ghost gear crisis: the threat of ‘abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear’ (ALDFG)

Abstract

Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), also known as ghost gear, represents one of the most under-addressed environmental threats. ALDFG is a problem because it is often non-biodegradable and continues to trap marine life long after the gear (nets, lines, traps) has been abandoned. Subsequently, this poses ecological, economic and social consequences to marine ecosystems and coastal economies worldwide. Despite significant research on the environmental impacts of ghost gear, gaps remain in our understanding of the key factors that contribute to its accumulation, the full scope of its consequences and sustainable mitigation measures. Using the drivers–pressures–state–impacts–responses (DPSIR) analytical framework, this review undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses to ALDFG. For this review, we considered 152 studies produced between 2000 and 2024. We surmise that key factors driving ALDFG accumulation include rapid fishing industry expansion, severe economic constraints, and acute regulatory gaps. Collectively, these driving forces intensify the pressure on marine ecosystems through ALDFG entanglements and the ‘self-baiting cycle’. The impacts can be profound as long-term ecological damage caused by the persistence of ALDFG can result in socio-economic losses for fishers and coastal populations. Current responses to this emerging threat highlight the potential of technological innovations in reducing the prevalence of ALDFG, such as biodegradable gear and gear tracking systems. Future research should explore the application of circular economy principles in gear manufacturing in efforts to combat the ghost gear crisis. This review ultimately underscores an urgent need for a holistic approach to effectively mitigate ALDFG.