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Exploring the potential of the descending‐point method to measure utilization in karoo veld
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa • Authors: F.O. Hobson --- Department of Agriculture (eastern Cape Region), A.S.J. Baarnhoorn --- Department of Agriculture (Karoo Region),The descending‐point method of vegetation survey proved effective in measuring meaningful plant cover changes during a grazing period. No significant changes in basal cover or plant height were detected. Changes in canopy spread and canopy cover could only be used... -
Towards a plant‐based technique to measure utilization of karoo bushes
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa • Authors: F.O. Hobson --- Department of Agriculture (eastern Cape Region),The precision of various destructive techniques for estimating utilization of karoo bushes was investigated with the prerequisite that removal of 20 % of the edible material of individual species could be shown to be statistically significant. Where the total mass... -
An alternative approach to veld condition assessment in the non‐grassveld regions of South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa • Authors: G.C. Stuart‐Hill --- Department of Grassland Science, Republic of South Africa F.O. Hobson --- , Republic of South AfricaTraditional veld condition assessment methods score veld either in terms of its ‘state of health’ or its value for a specific land‐use objective. This is problematic and we propose that ‘veld condition’ should simply be a descriptive index, devoid of... -
Preferential utilization of pans by springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa • Authors: S.J. Milton --- FitzPatrick Institute, Republic of South Africa W.R.J. Dean --- FitzPatrick Institute, Republic of South Africa C.P. Marincowitz --- , Republic of South AfricaForage utilization by springbok in pans and surrounding habitats was compared at one karroid shrubland site and two desert grassland sites and was found to be greater in pans than on adjacent plains and dunes. Springbok used pan areas for... -
Correlates of stocking rate and overgrazing in the Leliefontein Communal Reserve, central Namaqualand
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: S.W. Todd M.T. HoffmanWe investigate the correlates of stocking rate in the Leliefontein communal reserve and attempt to provide a mechanistic explanation of the controlling factors. We further speculate on how high stocking rates are maintained in relation to the current state of... -
Diet selection of goats in the communally grazed Richtersveld National Park
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: HH Hendricks PA Novellie WJ Bond JJ MidgleyThe study provided an account of the diet selection of goats within the Richtersveld National Park and focused on (a) diet composition, (b) plant growth-forms, (c) principal and preferred food plants. The conservation status of these food plants was also... -
Small‐scale reseeding trials in arid rangeland: Effects of rainfall, clearing and grazing on seedling survival
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: S.J. Milton --- FitzPatrick Institute, Republic of South AfricaSeeds of four indigenous plant species were sown in 1990 in small‐scale field trials in an arid, non‐seasonal rainfall region of the southern Karoo, South Africa. Seeds of a winter annual Tetragonia echinata (Aizoaceae) showed innate dormancy but those of... -
Rates of wood and dung disintegration in arid South African rangelands
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: S.J. Milton --- FitzPatrick Institute, Republic of Soutli Africa W.R.J. Dean --- FitzPatrick Institute, Republic of Soutli AfricaDead shrubs lying on the soil surface in an arid shrubland in the southern Karoo have half‐lives of 9 to 18 years depending on wood density which varies among species. Dung pellets of sheep and springbok can remain intact on... -
Perspective article: Simulation models for semi‐arid rangelands of southern Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: T. Wiegand --- Department of Ecological Modelling, Germany F. Jeltsch --- Department of Ecological Modelling, Germany S. Bauer --- Department of Ecological Modelling, Germany K. Kellner --- Department of Plant‐ and Soil Sciences, South AfricaIn semi‐arid regions, the effects of grazing or sparing management on natural communities of long‐lived plants generally take decades to become evident. Event‐driven dynamic behaviour, unpredictable and low rainfall, and complicated interactions between species make it difficult to gather sufficient... -
Life form and species diversity on abandoned croplands, Roggeveld, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: H van der Merwe --- Department of Plant Science, South Africa MW van Rooyen --- Department of Plant Science, South AfricaThe Roggeveld consists of an island of Mountain Renosterveld (Fynbos biome) surrounded by Succulent Karoo biome vegetation. Since management of abandoned croplands depends on a better understanding of their succession sequences, vegetation recovery on abandoned croplands in the Roggeveld was... -
Estimating scavenger and search bias for collision fatality surveys of large birds on power lines in the Karoo, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology • Authors: Maurice Schutgens --- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, South Africa Jessica M Shaw --- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, South Africa Peter G Ryan --- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, South AfricaBird collision mortality associated with power lines is a global conservation challenge, but periodic carcass counts along power lines underestimate actual mortality because of survey biases. We conducted a scavenger trial over 90 days and three observer detection trials after... -
To run or hide?: escape behaviour in a cryptic African snake
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Zoology • Authors: Bryan Maritz --- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaOptimal escape theory predicts that escape behaviour of an organism is best understood in terms of costs and benefits of escaping relative to risk of predation. However, risk of predation facing an organism is dependent on various biotic and abiotic... -
Activity of the greater padloper, Homopus femoralis (Testudinidae), in relation to rainfall
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Zoology • Authors: Victor J.T. Loehr --- Homopus Research Foundation, NetherlandsThe greater padloper, Homopus femoralis, is largely endemic to South Africa. Its ecology remains unstudied, yet the efficient planning of field research is complicated by lack of data on its activity patterns. I studied a population in spring, summer and... -
Seasonal and daily activity patterns of leopard tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis Bell, 1828) on farmland in the Nama-Karoo, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Zoology • Authors: M. K. McMaster --- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa C. T. Downs --- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaThe leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) is the largest of southern Africa’s 13 tortoise species, and occurs in a variety of habitats from arid and semi-arid areas to mesic grassveld, savanna and bushveld. Seasonal activity patterns of S. pardalis were investigated... -
Fire effects on vegetation in a grassy dwarf shrubland at a site in the eastern Karoo, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Justin CO du Toit --- Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, South Africa Loraine van den Berg --- Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, South Africa Tim G O'Connor --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), South AfricaFire is rare in semi-arid eastern Karoo dwarf shrublands, South Africa, and responses to fire are largely unknown. Recent increased grassiness, and hence fuel loads, at Grootfontein in the Eastern Cape allowed an accidental fire (24.3 ha) to carry, and... -
Fluctuations in bird numbers on sewage treatment ponds in an arid environment, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology • Authors: W Richard J Dean --- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST–NRF Centre of Excellence, South Africa Suzanne J Milton --- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST–NRF Centre of Excellence, South Africa Hugh P Forsyth --- , South Africa Dorrien R Tissiman --- , South AfricaRegular twice-monthly counts of birds associated with water at the Prince Albert sewage disposal facility recorded 69 species, of which 16 species (23.5%) were waterbirds (ducks, Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata and Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis) and 21 species were shorebirds... -
Diatoms as water quality indicators in the upper reaches of the Great Fish River, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Aquatic Science • Authors: M Holmes --- School of Biological Sciences, South Africa JC Taylor --- School of Biological Sciences, South AfricaThis study focused on the spring-fed upper reaches of the economically important Great Fish River with the aim of determining if diatoms could be used for biomonitoring in semi-arid conditions in southern Africa. Five sites were monitored monthly from 2010... -
Effect of Prosopis (mesquite) invasion and clearing on vegetation cover in semi-arid Nama Karoo rangeland, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Thabisisani Ndhlovu --- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South Africa Suzanne J Milton --- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST–NRF Centre of Excellence, South Africa Karen J Esler --- Centre for Invasion Biology and Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South AfricaThe Nama-Karoo is the largest of the three biomes that comprise the semi-arid Karoo-Namib ecoregion of southern Africa. Large tracts of Nama-Karoo rangeland have been invaded by alien leguminous trees of the genus Prosopis. We assessed the impact of Prosopis... -
Impact of Prosopis (mesquite) invasion and clearing on vegetation species composition and diversity in semi-arid Nama-Karoo rangeland, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Thabisisani Ndhlovu --- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South Africa Suzanne J Milton --- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, South Africa Karen J Esler --- Centre for Invasion Biology and Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South AfricaThe Nama-Karoo biome occupies 28% of South Africa’s land area. Alien leguminous trees of the genus Prosopis have invaded large tracts of Nama-Karoo rangeland. We evaluated the impact of Prosopis invasion and clearing on vegetation species composition and diversity (alien... -
The meaning of compliance with land and labour legislation: understanding justice through farm workers’ experiences in the Eastern Cape
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Anthropology Southern Africa • Authors: Femke Brandt --- Centre for African Studies, South Africa Fani Ncapayi --- Centre for African Studies, South AfricaThis paper explores the social meanings and uses of formal labour legislation on commercial farms in the Eastern Cape. Farm workers’ and dwellers’ experiences expose ongoing land and labour struggles on South Africa’s commercial farms. We focus on the ways... -
Is the Black Harrier Circus maurus a specialist predator? Assessing the diet of a threatened raptor species endemic to southern Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology • Authors: Marie-Sophie Garcia-Heras --- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, South Africa François Mougeot --- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Spain Beatriz Arroyo --- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Spain Graham Avery --- Iziko South African Museum, South Africa Margaret Avery --- Iziko South African Museum, South Africa Robert E Simmons --- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, South AfricaStudying the diet of wild animals is central for understanding their flexibility in food requirements. The Black Harrier Circus maurus is an endangered raptor in South Africa and Namibia. To date, information about the diet of the species is insufficient... -
An overview of themes in the agrarian and environmental history of the Karoo since c.1800
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: William Beinart --- African Studies Centre, UKThis article explores some themes in the agrarian and environmental history of the Karoo since 1800. It argues that environmental change cannot be understood without incorporating social, economic and political history. This is especially so in the case of the... -
Interactions of grazing and rainfall on vegetation at Grootfontein in the eastern Karoo
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Justin CO du Toit --- Pasture Research, Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, South Africa Tshililo Ramaswiela --- South African Environmental Observation Network, South Africa Marco J Pauw --- South African Environmental Observation Network, South Africa Tim G O’Connor --- South African Environmental Observation Network, South AfricaRainfall and grazing are primary drivers of vegetation composition in the Nama-Karoo. Increased rainfall increases grassiness, to where Nama-Karoo transitions to grassland. Severe grazing treatments (e.g. continuous or summer-only) increase abundance of grazing-tolerant dwarf shrubs and annual grasses, and decrease... -
Reflections, applications and future directions of Long-Term Ecological Research at Tierberg
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Gina Arena --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Helga van der Merwe --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Simon W Todd --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Marco J Pauw --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Suzanne J Milton --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa W Richard J Dean --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Joh R Henschel --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South AfricaTierberg-LTER is a research site established in 1987 in the semi-arid Succulent Karoo near Prince Albert in the Western Cape province, South Africa. The original purpose for its establishment was to study ecosystem dynamics and the drivers of vegetation in... -
By their own bootstraps: municipal commonage farmers as an emerging agrarian class in the Karoo
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Doreen Atkinson --- Department of Development Studies, South Africa Mark Ingle --- Department of Development Studies, South AfricaMunicipal commonage land in South Africa is currently utilised by resource-poor black and coloured farmers. This paper analyses information from two case studies – the Karoo towns of Carnarvon and Williston in the Northern Cape. By comparing data between 2009... -
Drivers and trajectories of social and ecological change in the Karoo, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Cherryl Walker --- Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, South Africa Suzanne J Milton --- Wolwekraal Conservation and Research Organisation, South Africa Tim G O’Connor --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Judy M Maguire --- unaffiliated, South Africa W Richard J Dean --- Wolwekraal Conservation and Research Organisation, South AfricaThis review article explores past, present and possible future drivers of change in Karoo social-ecological systems. Biogeographically, the Karoo comprises the arid Succulent Karoo and Nama-Karoo biomes covering significant portions of the Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces... -
Response of arthropod communities to plant-community rehabilitation efforts after strip mining on the semi-arid west coast of South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Adam Steed --- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South Africa Rudi Swart --- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South Africa Marco J Pauw --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Francois Roets --- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South AfricaStrip mining in arid ecosystems causes extreme ecological destruction that may take decades to recover. The present study examined the effect of different plant-community rehabilitation treatments on arthropods after strip mining in the arid Namaqualand region of South Africa. Vegetation... -
Variation in mammal species richness and relative abundance in the Karoo
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Zoë Woodgate --- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, South Africa Greg Distiller --- Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Science, South Africa Justin O’Riain --- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, South AfricaUnderstanding how climate change and land transformation may impact the distribution and diversity of wildlife species requires landscape-level foundational biodiversity surveys. The Karoo BioGaps Project aims to provide such data and to support the scientific assessment for shale gas development... -
Assessing the success of experimental rehabilitation on a coastal mineral sands mine in Namaqualand, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Marco J Pauw --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa Karen J Esler --- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South Africa David C Le Maitre --- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South AfricaThe success of different rehabilitation treatments following surface mining on the arid west coast of South Africa was assessed. Treatments consisting of one or a combination of topsoil addition, plant translocation and seeding were applied to experimental rehabilitation sites in... -
The composition of the soil seedbank and its role in ecosystem dynamics and rehabilitation potential in the arid Tankwa Karoo Region, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Manam WB Saaed --- Higher Institute of Agricultural Techniques, Libya Shayne M Jacobs --- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, South Africa Mmoto L Masubelele --- Cape Research Centre, South Africa Igshaan Samuels --- Agricultural Research Council–Animal Production, c/o Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, South Africa Lesego Khomo --- Department of Environmental Sciences, South Africa Yacoub M El-Barasi --- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, LibyaVery few soil seedbank studies have been conducted in South Africa, especially in arid rangelands. Insight into the soil seedbank could therefore improve assessment of rangeland dynamics and enhance rehabilitation efforts. This study aimed to characterise the soil seedbanks in... -
Population change in the Karoo
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Trevor Hill --- School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geography, South Africa Etienne Nel --- College of Business and Economics, South AfricaIn common with arid and semi-arid areas worldwide, South Africa’s Karoo has experienced significant population shifts over the last 100 years. These have been caused by a range of considerations related to advances in farming technology and changing labour needs,... -
Before the Anthropocene: human pasts in Karoo landscapes
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: David Morris --- McGregor Museum, South AfricaKaroo landscapes today are replete with evidence of recent human impacts. The Karoo is relatively pristine in the South African imaginary, but it is not untouched. Social and historic change in the last 300 years has been dramatic. The article... -
Introduction to the Karoo Special Issue: Trajectories of Change in the Anthropocene
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Joh R Henschel --- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON): Arid Lands Node, South Africa M Timm Hoffman --- Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, South Africa Cherryl Walker --- Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, South AfricaThe Karoo is an arid to semi-arid area across the western third of South Africa, comprising the Succulent Karoo and Nama-Karoo biomes. Its environment and people have experienced considerable changes, and now face new challenges as the Anthropocene unfolds. This... -
Minimum population size and potential impact of feral and semi-feral donkeys and horses in an arid rangeland
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Zoology • Authors: Halcyone Muller --- Conservation South Africa, South Africa Amanda Bourne --- Department of Biological Sciences, South AfricaFarmers in the northern, communally managed parts of the Succulent Karoo, an arid rangeland system in South Africa, historically used donkeys and horses for transport and ploughing. With increasing mechanisation, draught animal power has largely been replaced by machines. Yet,... -
Modelling bird atlas reporting rate as a function of density in the southern Karoo, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology • Authors: Alan TK Lee --- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST–NRF Centre of Excellence, South Africa Campbell Fleming --- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST–NRF Centre of Excellence, South Africa Dale R Wright --- BirdLife South Africa, Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South AfricaThe relationship between true population density and abundance indices derived from atlas data can be used to estimate population size, a metric that is vital for assessing the conservation status of animal species. However, this relationship remains understudied. Meanwhile, there... -
Unravelling the taxonomy and distribution of two problematic small mammal genera in the Karoo biome
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Zoology • Authors: Devon Main --- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, South Africa Laura Tensen --- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, South Africa Katharina Gihring --- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, South Africa Gary Bronner --- Department of Biological Sciences, South Africa Nadine Aboul-Hassan --- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, South Africa Michelle Blanckenberg --- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, South Africa Bettine Jansen van Vuuren --- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, South AfricaSouth Africa harbours remarkable biological diversity with three of the 34 recognised global biodiversity hotspots placed within its borders. One of these is the Succulent Karoo, which together with the Nama-Karoo, forms the Greater Karoo region. Notwithstanding a paucity of... -
Long-term influence of season of grazing and rainfall on vegetation in the eastern Karoo, South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Justin CO du Toit --- , South Africa Timothy G O’Connor --- , South AfricaIn the Nama-Karoo, South Africa, rainfall and grazing by livestock are two important drivers of botanical composition. Summer rains are advantageous particularly to the grass layer, whereas the characteristic dwarf shrubs survive better than grasses during drought, and benefit from... -
The biogeographical influence of the Tankwa Karoo Basin on reptile distribution in south-western South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Herpetology • Authors: Anita Meyer --- Stellenbosch University, South Africa P. le FrasN. Mouton --- Stellenbosch University, South Africa Laco Mucina --- Stellenbosch University, South AfricaPoint distribution data were used to evaluate the biogeographical influence of the arid Tankwa Karoo Basin on the distribution of reptiles in the south-western districts of South Africa. Under-representation of the Tankwa Karoo in the dataset required an additional field... -
The influence of grass competition and soil moisture on the growth and phenology of Karoo shrubs in the Eastern Upper Karoo
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: Lisa Hebbelmann --- , South Africa Timothy G O’Connor --- , South Africa Justin CO du Toit --- Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, South AfricaRainfall in the Nama-Karoo is sporadic and a plant’s ability to access and utilise available soil moisture will determine its ability to persist in the system and to successfully recruit. When summer rainfall in the Eastern Karoo increases, grassiness increases... -
The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the relative abundance and conservation of Ludwig’s Bustard Neotis ludwigii in South Africa
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology • Authors: Steven W Evans --- North-West University, South AfricaLudwig’s Bustard Neotis ludwigii is near-endemic to the semi-arid shrublands of southwestern southern Africa and is listed as Endangered. The primary threat to this species is collisions with overhead powerlines; however, loss and fragmentation of its habitat may contribute to... -
The impact of sheep grazing on shrub communities at the Afrikaner and Hereford grazing trials at Grootfontein in the Eastern Upper Karoo
Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Range & Forage Science • Authors: L Hebbelmann --- , South Africa TG O’Connor --- , South Africa JCO du Toit --- Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, South AfricaIn the Nama-Karoo, grazing by livestock is an important driver of Karoo shrub composition. Many different breeds of livestock are farmed in the Nama-Karoo, and the stocking rate varies greatly over the region. In this study we examine how grazing...