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  1. Sneaking under the toxin surveillance radar: parasitism and sterol content

    Sneaking under the toxin surveillance radar: parasitism and sterol content

    Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Marine Science • Authors: AR Place HR Harvey X Bai DW Coats
    Parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Amoebophrya infect and kill bloom-forming dinoflagellates, including the toxic species Karlodinium micrum. Strains of K. micrum produce cytotoxic compounds (KmTX) that render cell membranes permeable to a range of small ions and molecules, resulting in...
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  2. Species specificity and potential roles of <em>Karlodinium micrum</em> toxin

    Species specificity and potential roles of Karlodinium micrum toxin

    Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Marine Science • Authors: JE Adolf TR Bachvaroff DN Krupatkina H Nonogaki PJP Brown AJ Lewitus HR Harvey AR Place
    Karlodinium micrum is a toxic mixotrophic dinoflagellate that has been responsible for fish kills in coastal environments worldwide. The role that karlotoxins play in the life history of K. micrum is unknown, but may contribute to its bloom-forming ability. We...
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  3. Sterol-specific membrane interactions with the toxins from <em>Karlodinium micrum</em> (Dinophyceae) — a strategy for self-protection?

    Sterol-specific membrane interactions with the toxins from Karlodinium micrum (Dinophyceae) — a strategy for self-protection?

    Item type: Journal Article • Journal: African Journal of Marine Science • Authors: JR Deeds AR Place
    The lipophilic toxins from Karlodinium micrum, KmTX, have negative effects on several co-occurring phytoplankton species, yet appear to have no effect on K. micrum itself. One of these compounds, KmTX2, has differing toxicity towards eukaryotic membranes with differing sterol compositions...
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